摘    要
       原油常壓蒸餾作為原油加工的一次加工工藝，在原有加工流程中占有舉足輕重的作用，其運(yùn)行的好壞直接影響到整個原有加工的過程。而在蒸餾加工的過程中最重要的分離設(shè)備就是常壓塔。因此，常壓塔的設(shè)計好壞對能否獲得高收益，搞品質(zhì)的成品油油著直接的影響。
       本次設(shè)計的常壓塔是原油煉制工藝過程的中期塔設(shè)備。設(shè)計時要考慮實(shí)際要求，遵循塔設(shè)備的設(shè)計原則，要經(jīng)歷需求分析、目標(biāo)界定、總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、零部件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、參數(shù)設(shè)計和設(shè)計實(shí)施這幾個過程。在這個不斷決策的過程中，可供評估的方案越多、評估體系越完善，最終確定的設(shè)計方案就越理想。成功的過程設(shè)備設(shè)計最終必須綜合平衡產(chǎn)品性能、成本和環(huán)境這三個方面的要求。
       說明書反映了設(shè)計的基本過程。第一章為概述，主要闡述了設(shè)計的背景和塔的基本知識；第二章是基本結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計，從整體和部分各環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行了機(jī)械的設(shè)計和選型；第三章則對已設(shè)計的方案進(jìn)行各種載荷的計算以及校核，校核合格才能證明設(shè)計方案的合理性；第四章對需要補(bǔ)強(qiáng)的開孔進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)強(qiáng)設(shè)計；最后一章說明了主要零部件的制造工藝。
       另外，繪制CAD圖也是必要的。圖紙亦是制造時的主要文件。繪制時必須嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、盡量保持正確性。除了塔的整體裝配圖外，還繪制了四張零件圖對其進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)充，使表達(dá)更為清晰具體。

   關(guān)鍵詞：常壓塔，生命周期，設(shè)計，校核，補(bǔ)強(qiáng)，裝配圖

Abstract
The tower equipment is one kind of common process equipment. In the process industrial production it has an important impact to the production efficiency, the energy use factor, the environmental protection and so on. As the process industry is pivotal to national economy's development function, therefore, we must take seriously the tower equipment's research. broadly speaking, its life cycle contains the design, manufacture, installation and maintenance, and other aspects. Design-led, its advantages and disadvantages, both impact the following process.
The design of the tower is the early-run oil refining process of pre-tower equipment. When design we must consider to request actual, to follow the tower equipment's principle of design, which experience the demand analysis, the goal limits, the gross structure design, the spare part structural design, the parameter design and the design implements these processes. In this unceasing decision-making's process, may supply the appraisal the plan to be more, the appraisal system to be more perfect, determined finally the design proposal is more ideal. The success process equipment design must finally balance three aspect requests .they are product performance, the cost and the environment.
       The instruction booklet has reflected the design unit process. The first chapter is the outline, mainly elaborated the design background and the tower elementary knowledge; The second chapter is the basic structure design, has carried on machinery's design and the shaping from the whole and part various links; The third rules to the plan which designs have carried on each kind of load the computation as well as the examination, the examination qualified can prove the design proposal the rationality; The fourth chapter carries on the reinforcement design for the opening which needs the reinforcement; The last chapter explained the main spare part fabrication technology.
       Moreover, the CAD drawing of the map is also necessary. The blueprint is also master documents during the manufacture. Drawing must be strict, as far as possible to maintain accuracy. Besides the overall assembly drawing of tower, but also drew up four detail drawings to carry on the supplement to it, caused the expression to be clearer concretely.

Keywords: The tower equipment, life cycle, design, checking, reinforcement, assembly drawing

目    錄
前    言 I
摘    要 II
ABSTRACT III
第一章 概    述 1
1.1 塔設(shè)備概論 1
1.2常壓塔的工作原理及工藝路線 2
1.3常壓塔的主要結(jié)構(gòu) 4
第二章 初餾塔基本結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計 6
2.1 設(shè)計條件 6
2.2 塔高的確定 6
2.3 塔盤選型與設(shè)計 9
2.3.1 塔盤型式及設(shè)計 9
2.3.2 塔盤的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 11
2.3.3 塔盤板 11
2.3.4 塔盤支撐梁的設(shè)計 12
2.3.5 塔盤的緊固件 13
2.4 附件設(shè)計 13
2.4.1  人孔 13
2.4.2 接管 13
2.4.3 管法蘭 15
2.4.4 吊柱 18
2.4.5 操作平臺與梯子 19
2.4.6 保溫層 20
2.4.7 裙座 20
第三章 強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性計算 21
3.1 材料的選擇 21
3.1.1 筒體和封頭材料的選擇 21
3.1.2 裙座材料的選擇 21
3.1.3 接管的材料 21
3.2 厚度計算 21
3.2.1 厚度計算過程步驟 21
3.2.2 厚度計算 22
3.3 載荷計算 23
3.3.1 質(zhì)量載荷 23
3.3.2 塔的自振周期計算 26
3.3.3 地震載荷及地震彎矩計算 26
3.3.4 風(fēng)載荷和風(fēng)彎矩計算 30
3.3.5 最大彎矩 33
3.4 校核計算 34
3.4.1 圓筒應(yīng)力校核 34
3.4.2 裙座計算 35
3.4.3 裙座與塔殼對接焊縫校核 39
第四章 開孔補(bǔ)強(qiáng) 40
4.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)的判據(jù) 40
4.2 對塔頂氣體出口的補(bǔ)強(qiáng)（其內(nèi)徑均為Φ700MM） 42
4.2.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 42
4.2.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 42
4.2.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 42
4.2.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 43
4.2.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 43
4.2.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 43
4.3 人孔，塔底重油出口（DN600） 44
4.3.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 44
4.3.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 44
4.3.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 44
4.3.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 45
4.3.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 45
4.3.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 45
4.4 常頂循抽出口，常一中抽出口，常二線返塔口，常二中抽出口（DN350） 46
4.4.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 46
4.4.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 46
4.4.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 46
4.4.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 47
4.4.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 47
4.4.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 48
4.5常二中返塔口，常頂循返塔口，常一中返塔口（DN300） 48
4.5.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 48
4.5.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 48
4.5.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 48
4.5.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 49
4.5.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 50
4.5.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 50
4.6常一線返回口，常二線抽出口，常三線抽出口，汽提蒸汽入口，浮球液位計口(DN250) 50
4.6.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 50
4.6.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 50
4.6.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 51
4.6.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 51
4.6.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 52
4.6.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 52
4.7常一線抽出口，常三線返塔口，安全閥 (DN200) 52
4.7.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 52
4.7.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 53
4.7.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 53
4.7.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 53
4.7.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 54
4.7.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 54
4.8常頂冷回流入口 (DN150) 54
4.8.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 54
4.8.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 55
4.8.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 55
4.8.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 55
4.8.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 56
4.8.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 56
4.9減壓過汽化油入口，熱電偶口，壓差液位計口，玻璃板液位計口 (DN100) 57
4.9.1 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)計算方法判別 57
4.9.2 開孔所需補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 57
4.9.3 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)范圍 57
4.9.4 有效補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 58
4.9.5 所需另行補(bǔ)強(qiáng)面積 58
4.9.6 補(bǔ)強(qiáng)圈設(shè)計 58
第五章 主要零部件的制造工藝 60
5.1 筒體制造 60
1 原材料準(zhǔn)備 60
5.2 封頭 61
5.3 塔設(shè)備的制造 61
5.4 塔體及塔盤的制造技術(shù)條件的規(guī)定 62
論文縮寫 63
設(shè)計小結(jié) 65
致    謝 66
參考文獻(xiàn) 67